1. Please describe the significance of Engelmann’s experiment in measuring photosynthesis rate under different wavelength using a O2-seeking bacteria.
請說明Engelmann的實驗意義-測量光合速率在不同波長下的使用氧氣尋求細菌。
2. Describe overview of photosynthesis.
請概述光合作用。
3. How linear electron flows during the light reactions generate ATP and NADPH?
電子流動在光反應中如何生成ATP和NADPH？
4. Compare the chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
比較粒線體跟葉綠體的化學滲透。
5. The following diagram represents an experiment with isolated chloroplast thylakoids. The thylakoids were first equilibrated with an acidic solution (pH4). Then treated with a basic solution (pH8) before transferred to dark. Please explain why ATP can be generated in the dark when ADP and Pi were added to the chloroplast thylakoid solution? Why the experiment was kept under dark for generation of ATP?
實驗中使用的是葉綠體的類囊體。類囊體首先平衡於酸性溶液（pH4）。然後，再將它放到鹼性溶液中(pH8），並轉移到黑暗。請解釋如果加入ADP和Pi，為何在黑暗中會產生ATP？為什麼實驗要設計在黑暗中來生成ATP？
6. Brief describe the Calvin cycle used ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar.
請解釋Calvin cycle如何使用ATP和NADPH來轉換CO2變成醣類。
7. Some plants have developed CO2-concertrating mechanisms to reduce photorespiration. Brief describe C4 photosynthetic carbon fixation pathway.
有些植物會發展一套集中CO2機制來減少光呼吸作用的影響。請解釋C4植物光合作用的固碳途徑。
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